بررسی انتقادی مباحث نظری مرتبط با چیستی پول و ارائه تعریف بدیل

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

مروری بر مطالعات نظری حوزه پول، حاکی است که نوع تعریف و نگاه نظریه‌پردازان و تصمیم‌سازان پولی نسبت به پدیده پول را می‌توان نقطه اصلی عزیمت بحث طراحی ترتیبات خلق پول در اقتصاد دانست. این مقاله با بهره‌گیری از روش توصیفی-تحلیلی متکی بر استدلال قیاسی و بررسی کیفی در چارچوب مفاهیم اقتصادی به ارزیابی نظریات مطرح در باب تعریف و چیستی پول پرداخته و مبتنی بر دلالت‌های به ‌دست ‌آمده از آن، تعریفی بدیل از «پول» ارائه می‌دهد. بر اساس نتایج مطالعه حاضر به نظر می‌رسد هر یک از نظریات فلزگرایی، چارتالیستی و سایر نظریات نزدیک به هر طیف، آن‌گونه که باید حق مطلب را در تعریف و تبیین چیستی پول ادا نکرده است؛ به‌گونه‌ای که رویکرد و موضع نظریات مذکور در تعریف پول و تعیین مصادیق آن حتی از منظر تعریف کارکردگرایانه و اجماعی پول نیز می‌تواند مورد بحث و خدشه قرار گیرد این نظریات تلاش نموده‌‌اند تعریفی از پول ارائه دهند که بیشترین شمول و توجیه‌کنندگی را تا عصر خود نسبت به وقایع پولی فراهم نماید. در حالی که از منظر پژوهش حاضر، مواجهه اصولی با تعریف رایج پول (مبتنی بر کارکردهای سه‌گانه آن)، مستلزم اتخاذ رویکرد بایستگی (normative) و اجتناب از رویکرد اثباتی (positive) نسبت به آن خواهد بود. ضمن آن‌که علاوه بر کارکردهای سه‌گانه مشهور، وظایف حیاتی دیگری نیز برای پول متصور است که ضروری است در تعریف آن لحاظ شود.

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