The digital economy has emerged as one of the most significant drivers of economic development and national competitiveness, playing an increasingly important role in transforming economic structures worldwide. In this context, countries are increasingly adopting development models centered on digital technologies. This study aims to analyze the current state of Iran's digital economy and identify the key factors influencing its development using the SWOT analytical framework. A qualitative descriptive–analytical research design was employed. Data were collected through a systematic review of relevant academic literature and authoritative national and international reports, complemented by semi-structured interviews with 15 experts in the field of the digital economy. The collected data were coded and analyzed using thematic analysis, and the identified factors were subsequently classified into strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The findings indicate that Iran possesses significant strengths, including a highly skilled and talented workforce, as well as strong capabilities in software development and digital service provision. However, the country faces major challenges, such as fragmented governance and policymaking, regulatory complexity, limited investment, and inadequate digital infrastructure. The analysis also identified opportunities arising from the expansion of digital government, increased foreign investment, and industrial digitalization, while threats include international sanctions, economic instability, and the emigration of skilled professionals. Based on these findings, the study proposes strategic recommendations to support the sustainable development of Iran's digital economy.